In recent years, research into the human microbiome has unveiled its profound impact on health and disease, particularly in conditions like Inflammatory Bowel Disease and cancer. The microbiome, comprising trillions of microorganisms inhabiting our bodies, plays a essential role in maintaining immune homeostasis and metabolic equilibrium. However, an unhealthy microbiome can lead to detrimental consequences. One crucial aspect of such a microbiome is the presence of ‘pathobionts’, typically harmless bacteria that, under certain conditions, can trigger and exacerbate chronic intestinal inflammatory conditions, as well as contribute to the progression of cancer.

Central to this inflammatory response are bacterial products, such as lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans and ADP-heptose, which can stimulate immune cells and perpetuate chronic inflammation, and bacterial metabolites that counteract such responses. Moreover, bacterial enzymes play a significant role in modifying these products, altering their immunogenicity and exacerbating inflammatory responses.

Understanding the interplay between the host and the microbiome, with all its bacterial metabolites and enzymatic capabilities, provides crucial insights into the mechanisms underlying diseases and therapy outcomes. By deciphering these interactions, we move closer to developing targeted interventions that harness the therapeutic potential of the microbiome in combating diseases and improving patient outcomes.